part of speech for b.com part 1 functional english

PART OF  SPEECH

The different kinds of words are called part of speech. The part of speech is eight in number.

1. NOUN                                    5.   PRONOUN
2. VERB                                     6.   ADJECTIVE       
3. ADVERB                               7.   PREPOSITION
4. CONJUNCTION                   8.   INTERJECTION

1.     THE NOUN

A noun is the name of a person, place, a thing, an activity, a quality, or an idea. Noun can be used as the subject or object etc. in a sentence.

e.g. desert, animals, luck, Ali, team. Lahore,

kinds of noun

PROPER NOUN                                 COMMON NOUN

COLLECTIVE NOUN                        MATERIAL NOUN

ABSTRACT NOUN                           COMPOUND NOUN

PROPER NOUN

A proper noun is the name of a particular person , place or thing. A proper noun always begins with capital letter.

            e.g. Ahmad , Lahore , Bang-e-Dara etc.

COMMON NOUN

A common noun is the name of general place, person or thing. It is not capitalized except in the beginning of a sentence.

            E.g. girl, park, book, student, street, home, etc.

Common noun	Proper noun
Poem	Jawab-e-shikwa
Nation	Pakistan
Sportsman	Imran khan
Ship	Seahawk
Newspaper	The News
River	The ravi
Road	The Mall
Day	Friday
City	Lahore
Organization	UNO

COLLECTIVE NOUN

                                    A collective noun is the name of a group of persons, places , or things. Generally a collective noun is used as a common noun.

E. g. flock, team, the rich, jury, dozen, club, hive, class, clump, company, crew, curriculum, cluster, etc

MATERIAL NOUN

A material noun is the name of a material through which things are made.

            e.g. wood, iron, milk, butter, plastic, cement, etc.

ABSTRACT NOUN

                                    An abstract noun is the name of quality, condition, action, or idea. Which cannot be seen or felt.

           

e.g. knowledge, beauty, truth, goodness, ability, poverty, hated, courtesy, patriotism,  fear, love, etc

COMPOUND NOUN

A compound noun is two or more words used together as a single noun.

            e.g. seafood, filmmaker, grasshopper, Iceland, police officer. Etc

2.THE PRONOUN

A pronoun is a word used instead of noun.

E.g. Afzal is absent because he is ill.

In the above example we avoid the use of noun i.e. Afzl second time, thus pronoun he is used instead of repetition of noun Afzal.                                                  

KINDS OF PRONOUN

Personal pronoun                               Indefinite pronoun

Interrogative pronoun                        Relative pronoun

Reflexive pronoun                             Emphatic/Intensive pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun

PERSONAL PRONOUN

The pronouns which are used for three persons are called personal pronoun.

	Subjective or Nominative	Possessive adjective	Objective or Accusative	Possessive pronoun
1st person	I	My	Me	Mine
	We	Our	Us	Ours
2nd person	You	Your	You	Yours
3rd person	He	His	Him	His
	She	Her	Her	Hers
	They	Their	Them	Theirs
	It	Its	It

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

The pronouns which are used to refer people and things in a general way are called indefinite pronoun.

E.g. all, more, both, many, any, somebody, someone, everyone, some, few, no one, etc.

·        No one can reach the station.

·        Many are injured.

·        All were happy.

·        Some one has killed by him

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN

The pronouns which are used to ask the question is called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are also performing as a interrogative adjective.

E.g. who, whom, whose, what, which,

RELATIVE PRONOUN

Who, which, that, and whose are also used as relative pronouns when they refers to some noun; which comes right before them. These are also called conjunction pronoun because they introduce a subordinate clause.

E.g. The man who is honest is trusted.

      I have found the book which I had lost.

     My father that is a teacher is fifty years old.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

The reflexive pronoun are those pronouns which end in self or selves for example. Myself, ourselves, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, and themselves, they are generally perform as a direct object.

E.g. He kill himself .

      We hit ourselves.

EMPHATIC PRONOUN

Reflexive pronouns are also used as a emphatic pronouns when they comes after a noun for the sake of emphasis.

E.g. He himself did it.

      Maryam herself found the situation.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

This , that , these, and those are used to point out the object therefore they are called demonstrative pronoun. They are also performing as demonstrative adjective.

e.g. This is a pen.

      That is a bike.

3.THE VERB

The verb is an action which is done by the subject on the object.

E.g. Ali fight with Aslam.

explanation:

                   In above sentence ALI is subject which did the action FIGHT on object ASLAM.

TRANSITIVE VERB.

 A verb(action) which is directly pass over the object  is called transitive verb.

E.g. she sold her house.

      We eat apples.

INTRANSITIVE VERB.

A verb(action) which is not directly pass over the object  is called intransitive verb.

¯     We are going.

¯     I am drinking.

¯     They are laughing.

4.THE ADJECTIVE

A word which is used to modify or add in the meaning of   noun or pronoun is called adjective. It usually comes before a noun or pronoun.

·        The lazy boy was punished.

·        I bought a new bicycle.

KINDS OF ADJECTIVE

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY                           ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY

ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER                            DEMONSTRATVE ADJECTIVE

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE

Adjective of quality.

A word which is used to describe the quality of noun or pronoun is called adjective of quality or descriptive adjective.

·     Karachi is a large city.

·     He is a honest man.

·     Naved  is a intelligent boy.

Adjective of quantity

Adjective of quantity shows the quantity of something.

 E.g. some, much, little, enough, no, any, sufficient, etc

·        He has lost all his wealth.

·        I ate some rice.

·        He shown much patience.

Adjective of number.

Adjective of number shows the number of noun or pronoun.

·        The hand has five fingers.

·        Few cats like cold water.

·        All men must die.

Demonstrative adjective.

This, that, these, and those are also perform as a demonstrative adjective when they come before a noun.

·        This boy is stronger than hameed.

·        Those rascal must be punished.

·        These mangoes are sour.

Interrogative adjective

What, which, and whose when the are used with nouns to ask question are called interrogative adjective.

Adjective from noun                                        

Noun	Adjective
Boy	Boyish
Fool	Foolish
Dirt	Dirty
Gold	Golden
Hope	Hopeful
Silk	Silken

5.THE ADVERB

An adverb adds to the meaning of a verb, adjective or some other adverb.

·         The soldier fought bravely.

·        The tower was surprisingly tall.

·        They cried very loudly.

Explanation:   the adverb bravely qualifies the verb fought. Surprisingly qualify the adjective tall. Loudly qualify the verb cried; very qualifies the adverb loudly.

An adverb answers the question

·        How;

·        When;

·        Where;

·        To what extent;

·        How often;

KINDS OF ADVERB.

ADVERB OF MANNER                    ADVERB OF TIME

ADVERB OF PLACE                         ADVERB OF FREQUENCY

ADVERB OF DEGREE

(ADVERB OF MANNER)

which shows HOW

e.g. those adverb which answer the the questions how or in what manner is called adverb of manner.

·        This story is well written.

·        He did his work slowly.

·        He ran fast.

(ADVERB OF TIME)

which shows WHEN

·        I have forgiven him already.

·        That day he arrived late.

·        I have heard this before.

e.g.now, soon, daily, yesterday, immediately, once, ago, etc

(ADVERB OF PLACE)

Which shows where

·        God is everywhere.

·        Go there.

·        The snake moved away.

e.g.up, below, outside, in, out, every, any where etc.

(ADVERB OF FREQUENCY)

Which shows how often

He often makes mistakes.

He seldom comes here.

e.g. always, usually. Normally. Sometimes, occasionally, never.

ADVERB OF DEGREE

Which shows how much

 He was too careless.

I am fully prepared.

The water was extremely cold.

 Just, nearly, hardly,very, too,  quit, scarcely, etc

Adverb make from adjective by using” ly “at the end

Adjective	Adverb	Adjective	Adverb
Cheap	Cheaply	Quick	Quickly
Slow	Slowly	Clear	Cleary
Actual	Actually	Easy	Easily
Happy	Happily	Lucky	Luckily
Terrible	Terribly	Gentle	Gently
Basic	Basically	Tragic	Tragically

6.THE CONJUNCTION

Conjunction is a word used to connect words or groups of words:

Co ORDINATING CONJUNCDTION    Explanation: Coordinating conjunction join sentenceelement of equal rank And ,but, for, or, nor, E.g. she was poor but honest.

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION Subordinate conjunction joins the main clause with dependent clause. After, if, since, that, when, where, although, as, as if, unless, before, till, while, than, E.g. Jawad has gone home because ha was tired.

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION

Both…..and                                         either….. or

Neither….nor                                       not only……….but also

e.g. Both Ali and Ahmad are players.

You should either mend yourself or leave the class.

Neither she nor her sister tells a lie.

He is not only intelligent but also hard working.

7.THE INTERJECTION.

Words which are used to describe strong feelings are called interjection. It often followed by the sign of exclamation ( !).

Hurrah!                                               Bravo!

Oh! Ah! Alas!                                     Humph!

Hush! Well done! Etc.

_______________________________________________________________________________

POSITIVE	COMPARATIVE	SUPERLATIVE
Able	Abler	Ablest
Brave	Braver	Bravest
Fat	Fatter	Fattest
Easy	Easier	Easiest
Old	Older	Oldest
Rich	Richer	Richest
Early	Earlier	Earliest
Good	Better	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Little	Less	Least
Late	Latter	Last
Many	More	Most
Far	Farther	Farthest
Wonderful	More wonderful	Most wonderful
Decent	More decent	Most decent
Wonderful	Less wonderful	Least wonderful
Decent	Less decent	Least decent