PART
OF SPEECH
The different kinds of words are called part of speech. The part
of speech is eight in number.
- NOUN 5. PRONOUN
- VERB 6. ADJECTIVE
- ADVERB 7. PREPOSITION
- CONJUNCTION 8. INTERJECTION
1.
THE NOUN
A noun is the name of a person, place, a thing, an activity,
a quality, or an idea. Noun can be used as the subject or object etc. in a
sentence.
e.g. desert, animals,
luck, Ali, team. Lahore,
kinds of
noun
PROPER NOUN COMMON NOUN
COLLECTIVE NOUN MATERIAL NOUN
ABSTRACT NOUN COMPOUND NOUN
PROPER
NOUN
A proper noun is the name of a
particular person , place or thing. A proper noun always begins with capital
letter.
e.g. Ahmad , Lahore , Bang-e-Dara etc.
COMMON
NOUN
A common noun is the name of general
place, person or thing. It is not capitalized except in the beginning of a
sentence.
E.g. girl, park, book, student,
street, home, etc.
Common noun
|
Proper noun
|
Poem
|
Jawab-e-shikwa
|
Nation
|
Pakistan
|
Sportsman
|
Imran khan
|
Ship
|
Seahawk
|
Newspaper
|
The News
|
River
|
The ravi
|
Road
|
The Mall
|
Day
|
Friday
|
City
|
Lahore
|
Organization
|
UNO
|
COLLECTIVE
NOUN
A
collective noun is the name of a group of persons, places , or things. Generally
a collective noun is used as a common noun.
E. g. flock, team,
the rich, jury, dozen, club, hive, class, clump, company, crew, curriculum,
cluster, etc
MATERIAL
NOUN
A material noun is the name of a
material through which things are made.
e.g. wood, iron, milk, butter,
plastic, cement, etc.
ABSTRACT
NOUN
An
abstract noun is the name of quality, condition, action, or idea. Which cannot
be seen or felt.
e.g. knowledge,
beauty, truth, goodness, ability, poverty, hated, courtesy, patriotism, fear, love, etc
COMPOUND
NOUN
A compound noun is two or more words
used together as a single noun.
e.g. seafood, filmmaker,
grasshopper, Iceland ,
police officer. Etc
2.THE PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word used instead of
noun.
E.g. Afzal is absent because he
is ill.
In the above example we avoid the
use of noun i.e. Afzl second time, thus pronoun he is used instead of repetition
of noun Afzal.
KINDS OF PRONOUN
Personal
pronoun Indefinite
pronoun
Interrogative
pronoun Relative pronoun
Reflexive
pronoun Emphatic/Intensive
pronoun
Demonstrative
pronoun
PERSONAL
PRONOUN
The pronouns which are used for
three persons are called personal pronoun.
Subjective or
Nominative
|
Possessive adjective
|
Objective or Accusative
|
Possessive pronoun
|
|
1st person
|
I
|
My
|
Me
|
Mine
|
We
|
Our
|
Us
|
Ours
|
|
2nd person
|
You
|
Your
|
You
|
Yours
|
3rd person
|
He
|
His
|
Him
|
His
|
She
|
Her
|
Her
|
Hers
|
|
They
|
Their
|
Them
|
Theirs
|
|
It
|
Its
|
It
|
INDEFINITE
PRONOUN
The pronouns which are used to refer
people and things in a general way are called indefinite pronoun.
E.g.
all, more, both, many, any, somebody, someone, everyone, some, few, no one,
etc.
·
No
one can reach the station.
·
Many
are injured.
·
All
were happy.
·
Some
one has killed by him
INTERROGATIVE
PRONOUN
The pronouns which are used to ask
the question is called interrogative pronouns. These pronouns are also performing
as a interrogative adjective.
E.g.
who, whom, whose, what, which,
RELATIVE
PRONOUN
Who, which, that, and whose are also
used as relative pronouns when they refers to some noun; which comes right
before them. These are also called conjunction pronoun because they introduce a
subordinate clause.
E.g. The man who is honest is trusted.
I have found the book which
I had lost.
My father that is a
teacher is fifty years old.
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUN
The reflexive pronoun are those
pronouns which end in self or selves for example. Myself, ourselves, yourselves,
himself, herself, itself, and themselves, they are generally perform as a
direct object.
E.g. He kill himself .
We hit ourselves.
EMPHATIC
PRONOUN
Reflexive pronouns
are also used as a emphatic pronouns when they comes after a noun for the sake
of emphasis.
E.g. He himself did it.
Maryam herself found
the situation.
DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN
This , that , these, and those are used to point out the object
therefore they are called demonstrative pronoun. They are also performing as
demonstrative adjective.
e.g. This is a pen.
That is a bike.
3.THE VERB
The verb is an action which is done
by the subject on the object.
E.g. Ali fight with Aslam.
explanation:
In above sentence ALI is subject which did the action FIGHT on object ASLAM.
TRANSITIVE
VERB.
A verb(action) which is directly pass over the
object is called transitive verb.
E.g. she sold her house.
We eat apples.
INTRANSITIVE
VERB.
A verb(action) which is not directly
pass over the object is called
intransitive verb.
¯
We are going.
¯
I am drinking.
¯
They are laughing.
4.THE ADJECTIVE
A word which is used to modify or
add in the meaning of noun or pronoun is called adjective. It
usually comes before a noun or pronoun.
·
The lazy
boy was punished.
·
I bought a new
bicycle.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVE
ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY ADJECTIVE OF QUANTITY
ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER DEMONSTRATVE
ADJECTIVE
INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
Adjective
of quality.
A word which is used to describe the
quality of noun or pronoun is called adjective of quality or descriptive
adjective.
·
Karachi is a large city.
·
He is a honest
man.
·
Naved is
a intelligent boy.
Adjective
of quantity
Adjective of quantity shows the quantity
of something.
E.g. some, much, little, enough, no, any,
sufficient, etc
·
He has lost all
his wealth.
·
I ate some
rice.
·
He shown much
patience.
Adjective
of number.
Adjective of number shows the number
of noun or pronoun.
·
The hand has five fingers.
·
Few
cats like cold water.
·
All
men must die.
Demonstrative
adjective.
This, that, these, and those are
also perform as a demonstrative adjective when they come before a noun.
·
This
boy is stronger than hameed.
·
Those
rascal must be punished.
·
These
mangoes are sour.
Interrogative
adjective
What, which, and whose when the are
used with nouns to ask question are called interrogative adjective.
Adjective from
noun
Noun
|
Adjective
|
Boy
|
Boyish
|
Fool
|
Foolish
|
Dirt
|
Dirty
|
Gold
|
Golden
|
Hope
|
Hopeful
|
Silk
|
Silken
|
5.THE ADVERB
An adverb adds to the meaning of a
verb, adjective or some other adverb.
·
The
soldier fought bravely.
·
The tower was surprisingly tall.
·
They cried very loudly.
Explanation: the adverb bravely qualifies the
verb fought. Surprisingly qualify the adjective tall. Loudly qualify the verb cried;
very qualifies the adverb loudly.
An adverb answers the question
·
How;
·
When;
·
Where;
·
To what
extent;
·
How
often;
KINDS OF ADVERB.
ADVERB OF MANNER ADVERB OF TIME
ADVERB OF PLACE ADVERB OF FREQUENCY
ADVERB OF DEGREE
(ADVERB OF MANNER)
which
shows HOW
e.g. those adverb which answer the
the questions how or in what manner is called adverb of manner.
·
This story is well written.
·
He did his work slowly.
·
He ran fast.
(ADVERB OF TIME)
which
shows WHEN
·
I have forgiven him already.
·
That day he arrived late.
·
I have heard this before.
e.g.now,
soon, daily, yesterday, immediately, once, ago, etc
(ADVERB OF PLACE)
Which
shows where
·
God is everywhere.
·
Go there.
·
The snake moved away.
e.g.up,
below, outside, in, out, every, any where etc.
(ADVERB OF FREQUENCY)
Which
shows how often
He often makes mistakes.
He seldom comes here.
e.g.
always, usually. Normally. Sometimes, occasionally, never.
ADVERB OF DEGREE
Which
shows how much
He was too
careless.
I am fully prepared.
The water was extremely cold.
Just, nearly, hardly,very, too, quit, scarcely, etc
Adverb make from adjective by using”
ly “at the end
Adjective
|
Adverb
|
Adjective
|
Adverb
|
Cheap
|
Cheaply
|
Quick
|
Quickly
|
Slow
|
Slowly
|
Clear
|
Cleary
|
Actual
|
Actually
|
Easy
|
Easily
|
Happy
|
Happily
|
Lucky
|
Luckily
|
Terrible
|
Terribly
|
Gentle
|
Gently
|
Basic
|
Basically
|
Tragic
|
Tragically
|
6.THE CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is a word used to
connect words or groups of words:
Co ORDINATING
CONJUNCDTION
Explanation:
Coordinating
conjunction join sentenceelement of equal rank
And ,but, for, or, nor,
E.g. she was poor but
honest.
|
SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
Subordinate conjunction joins the main clause with
dependent clause.
After, if, since,
that, when, where, although, as, as if, unless, before, till, while, than,
E.g. Jawad has gone home because ha was tired.
|
CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTION
Both…..and either….. or
Neither….nor not only……….but also
e.g. Both Ali and
Ahmad are players.
You should either mend yourself or
leave the class.
Neither
she nor her sister tells a
lie.
He is not only
intelligent but also hard working.
7.THE INTERJECTION.
Words which are used to describe
strong feelings are called interjection. It often followed by the sign of
exclamation ( !).
Hurrah! Bravo!
Oh!
Ah! Alas! Humph!
Hush!
Well done! Etc.
_______________________________________________________________________________
POSITIVE
|
COMPARATIVE
|
SUPERLATIVE
|
Able
|
Abler
|
Ablest
|
Brave
|
Braver
|
Bravest
|
Fat
|
Fatter
|
Fattest
|
Easy
|
Easier
|
Easiest
|
Old
|
Older
|
Oldest
|
Rich
|
Richer
|
Richest
|
Early
|
Earlier
|
Earliest
|
Good
|
Better
|
Best
|
Bad
|
Worse
|
Worst
|
Little
|
Less
|
Least
|
Late
|
Latter
|
Last
|
Many
|
More
|
Most
|
Far
|
Farther
|
Farthest
|
Wonderful
|
More wonderful
|
Most wonderful
|
Decent
|
More decent
|
Most decent
|
Wonderful
|
Less wonderful
|
Least wonderful
|
Decent
|
Less decent
|
Least decent
|
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